Introduction
Inflammation is your body’s natural response to injury, infection, or stress. When it works properly, inflammation helps you heal. But when inflammation becomes chronic, it can lead to pain, fatigue, and serious diseases. Key genes—such as IFNG (Interferon‑gamma), TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor), FADS1, and FADS2—play central roles in regulating inflammation. Variations (called single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs) in these genes can influence how strongly your body responds to triggers and your risk for inflammatory diseases.
Glossary:
- Inflammation: Body’s response to injury or infection.
- SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism): A single-letter change in DNA that can affect gene function.
- Cytokine: A protein messenger that cells use to communicate during immune responses.
IFNG (Interferon‑gamma) Gene
Function
IFNG produces interferon‑gamma, a cytokine that activates immune cells to fight infections and tumors. It also influences antigen presentation by MHC/HLA molecules.
Common SNPs and Effects
Effects on MHC/HLA
- Altered IFN‑γ levels can change how strongly HLA molecules present antigens, affecting immune tolerance and autoimmunity.
TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) Gene
Function
TNF produces TNF-α, a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in immune cell activation and inflammation.
Common SNPs and Effects
Effects on MHC/HLA
- High TNF-α can upregulate HLA expression, potentially exacerbating autoimmunity and transplant rejection risk.
FADS1 and FADS2 Genes
Function
FADS1 and FADS2 encode enzymes that convert dietary fats into anti- and pro-inflammatory fatty acids (omega‑3 and omega‑6). Proper balance determines inflammation levels.
Common SNPs and Effects
Nutritional Cofactors & Inhibitors
Balancing Omega‑3 and Omega‑6
Aim for an omega‑6 to omega‑3 ratio of about 4:1 or lower. Prioritize:
- Omega‑3 rich foods: Salmon, sardines, chia seeds, walnuts
- Limit omega‑6 oils: Corn, sunflower, soybean
- Supplement: Fish oil (EPA/DHA) 1–2 g/day
Conclusion
Understanding your genetic predispositions (IFNG, TNF, FADS1/2 SNPs) empowers you to make targeted dietary and lifestyle choices. By optimizing nutrient intake, managing stress, and monitoring inflammation markers, you can reduce chronic inflammation and lower disease risk.